Web hosting service

A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to make their own website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server they own or lease for use by their clients as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center. Web hosts can also provide data center space and connectivity to the Internet for servers they do not own to be located in their data center, called colocation.

Service scope

The scope of hosting services varies widely. The most basic is web page and small-scale file hosting, where files can be uploaded via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a Web interface. The files are usually delivered to the Web "as is" or with little processing. Many Internet service providers (ISPs) offer this service free to their subscribers. People can also obtain Web page hosting from other, alternative service providers. Personal web site hosting is typically free, advertisement-sponsored, or cheap. Business web site hosting often has a higher expense.

Single page hosting is generally sufficient only for personal web pages. A complex site calls for a more comprehensive package that provides database support and application development platforms (e.g. PHP, Java, Ruby on Rails, ColdFusion, and ASP.NET). These facilities allow the customers to write or install scripts for applications like forums and content management. For e-commerce, SSL is also highly recommended.

The host may also provide an interface or control panel for managing the Web server and installing scripts as well as other services like e-mail. Some hosts specialize in certain software or services (e.g. e-commerce). They are commonly used by larger companies to outsource network infrastructure to a hosting company.

Types of hosting

A typical server "rack," commonly seen in colocation centres.

Internet hosting services can run Web servers; see Internet hosting services.

Hosting services limited to the Web:

Many large companies who are not internet service providers also need a computer permanently connected to the web so they can send email, files, etc. to other sites. They may also use the computer as a website host so they can provide details of their goods and services to anyone interested. Additionally these people may decide to place online orders.

• Free web hosting service: Free web hosting is offered by different companies with limited services, sometimes advertisement-supported web hosting, and is often limited when compared to paid hosting.
• Shared web hosting service: one's website is placed on the same server as many other sites, ranging from a few to hundreds or thousands. Typically, all domains may share a common pool of server resources, such as RAM and the CPU. The features available with this type of service can be quite extensive. A shared website may be hosted with a reseller.
• Reseller web hosting: allows clients to become web hosts themselves. Resellers could function, for individual domains, under any combination of these listed types of hosting, depending on who they are affiliated with as a provider. Resellers' accounts may vary tremendously in size: they may have their own virtual dedicated server to a collocated server. Many resellers provide a nearly identical service to their provider's shared hosting plan and provide the technical support themselves.
• Virtual Dedicated Server: also known as a Virtual Private Server (VPS for short) divides server resources into virtual servers, where resources can be allocated in a way that does not directly reflect the underlying hardware. VPS will often be allocated resources based on a one server to many VPSs relationship, however virtualisation may be done for a number of reasons, including the ability to move a VPS container between servers. The users may have root access to their own virtual space. This is also known as a virtual private server or VPS. Customers are sometimes responsible for patching and maintaining the server.
• Dedicated hosting service: the user gets his or her own Web server and gains full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, the user typically does not own the server. Another type of Dedicated hosting is Self-Managed or Unmanaged. This is usually the least expensive for Dedicated plans. The user has full administrative access to the box, which means the client is responsible for the security and maintenance of his own dedicated box.
• Managed hosting service: the user gets his or her own Web server but is not allowed full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, they are allowed to manage their data via FTP or other remote management tools. The user is disallowed full control so that the provider can guarantee quality of service by not allowing the user to modify the server or potentially create configuration problems. The user typically does not own the server. The server is leased to the client.
• Colocation web hosting service: similar to the dedicated web hosting service, but the user owns the colo server; the hosting company provides physical space that the server takes up and takes care of the server. This is the most powerful and expensive type of the web hosting service. In most cases, the colocation provider may provide little to no support directly for their client's machine, providing only the electrical, Internet access, and storage facilities for the server. In most cases for colo, the client would have his own administrator visit the data center on site to do any hardware upgrades or changes.
• Cloud hosting: is a new type of hosting platform that allows customers powerful, scalable and reliable hosting based on clustered load-balanced servers and utility billing. Removing single-point of failures and allowing customers to pay for only what they use versus what they could use.
• Clustered hosting: having multiple servers hosting the same content for better resource utilization. Clustered Servers are a perfect solution for high-availability dedicated hosting, or creating a scalable web hosting solution. A cluster may separate web serving from database hosting capability.
• Grid hosting: this form of distributed hosting is when a server cluster acts like a grid and is composed of multiple nodes.
• Home server: usually a single machine placed in a private residence can be used to host one or more web sites from a usually consumer-grade broadband connection. These can be purpose-built machines or more commonly old PCs. Some ISPs actively attempt to block home servers by disallowing incoming requests to TCP port 80 of the user's connection and by refusing to provide static IP addresses. A common way to attain a reliable DNS hostname is by creating an account with a dynamic DNS service. A dynamic DNS service will automatically change the IP address that a URL points to when the IP address changes.

Some specific types of hosting provided by web host service providers:

• File hosting service: hosts files, not web pages
• Image hosting service
• Video hosting service
• Blog hosting service
• One-click hosting
• Pastebin Hosts text snippets
• Shopping cart software

Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.

Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and television services, are reshaped or redefined using the technologies of the Internet, giving rise to services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IPTV. Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into Web sites, blogging, and web feeds. The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking sites.

The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the United States funded research projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. This research and a period of civilian funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation spawned worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and led to the commercialization of an international network in the mid 1990s, and resulted in the following popularization of countless applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet.

The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely-affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

Computer

A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.

Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". The embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.

The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore computers ranging from a mobile phone to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

Web hosting service

A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to provide their own website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server they own or lease for use by their clients as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center. Web hosts can also provide data center space and connectivity to the Internet for servers they do not own to be located in their data center, called colocation.

Lawyer

A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person licensed to practice law."Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain stability, and deliver justice. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who retain (i.e., hire) lawyers to perform legal services.

The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and so it can be treated here in only the most general terms.More information is available in country-specific articles (see below).

Forex

The foreign exchange market (currency, forex, or FX) is where currency trading takes place. It is where banks and other official institutions facilitate the buying and selling of foreign currencies.FX transactions typically involve one party purchasing a quantity of one currency in exchange for paying a quantity of another. The foreign exchange market that we see today started evolving during the 1970s when worldover countries gradually switched to floating exchange rate from their erstwhile exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system till 1971.

Presently, the FX market is one of the largest and most liquid financial markets in the world, and includes trading between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, corporations, governments, and other institutions. The average daily volume in the global foreign exchange and related markets is continuously growing. Traditional daily turnover was reported to be over US$3.2 trillion in April 2007 by the Bank for International Settlements.Since then, the market has continued to grow. According to Euromoney's annual FX Poll, volumes grew a further 41% between 2007 and 2008.

The purpose of FX market is to facilitate trade and investment. The need for a foreign exchange market arises because of the presence of multifarious international currencies such as US Dollar, Pound Sterling, etc., and the need for trading in such currencies.
Determinants of FX Rates
See also: exchange rates
The following theories explain the fluctuations in FX rates in a floating exchange rate regime (In a fixed exchange rate regime, FX rates are decided by its government):

(a) International parity conditions viz; purchasing power parity, interest rate parity, Domestic Fisher effect, International Fisher effect. Though to some extent the above theories provide logical explanation for the fluctuations in exchange rates, yet these theories falter as they are based on challengeable assumptions [e.g., free flow of goods, services and capital] which seldom hold true in the real world.

(b) Balance of payments model (see exchange rate). This model, however, focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. It failed to provide any explanation for continuous appreciation of dollar during 1980s and most part of 1990s in face of soaring US current account deficit.

(c) Asset market model (see exchange rate) views currencies as an important asset class for constructing investment portfolios. Assets prices are influenced mostly by people’s willingness to hold the existing quantities of assets, which in turn depends on their expectations on the future worth of these assets. The asset market model of exchange rate determination states that “the exchange rate between two currencies represents the price that just balances the relative supplies of, and demand for, assets denominated in those currencies.”

None of the models developed so far succeed to explain FX rates levels and volatility in the longer time frames. For shorter time frames (less than a few days) algorithm can be devised to predict prices. Large and small institutions and professional individual traders have made consistent profits from it. It is understood from above models that many macroeconomic factors affect the exchange rates and in the end currency prices are a result of dual forces of demand and supply. The world's currency markets can be viewed as a huge melting pot: in a large and ever-changing mix of current events, supply and demand factors are constantly shifting, and the price of one currency in relation to another shifts accordingly. No other market encompasses (and distills) as much of what is going on in the world at any given time as foreign exchange.

Supply and demand for any given currency, and thus its value, are not influenced by any single element, but rather by several. These elements generally fall into three categories: economic factors, political conditions and market psychology.


Economic factors
These include: (a)economic policy, disseminated by government agencies and central banks, (b)economic conditions, generally revealed through economic reports, and other economic indicators.

1.Economic policy comprises government fiscal policy (budget/spending practices) and monetary policy (the means by which a government's central bank influences the supply and "cost" of money, which is reflected by the level of interest rates).
2.Economic conditions include:
Government budget deficits or surpluses
The market usually reacts negatively to widening government budget deficits, and positively to narrowing budget deficits. The impact is reflected in the value of a country's currency.
Balance of trade levels and trends
The trade flow between countries illustrates the demand for goods and services, which in turn indicates demand for a country's currency to conduct trade. Surpluses and deficits in trade of goods and services reflect the competitiveness of a nation's economy. For example, trade deficits may have a negative impact on a nation's currency.
Inflation levels and trends
Typically a currency will lose value if there is a high level of inflation in the country or if inflation levels are perceived to be rising [. This is because inflation erodes purchasing power, thus demand, for that particular currency. However, a currency may sometimes strengthen when inflation rises because of expectations that the central bank will raise short-term interest rates to combat rising inflation.
Economic growth and health
Reports such as GDP, employment levels, retail sales, capacity utilization and others, detail the levels of a country's economic growth and health. Generally, the more healthy and robust a country's economy, the better its currency will perform, and the more demand for it there will be.
Productivity of an economy
Increasing productivity in an economy should positively influence the value of its currency. It affects are more prominent if the increase is in the traded sector.

Political conditions
Internal, regional, and international political conditions and events can have a profound effect on currency markets.

All exchange rates are susceptible to political instability and anticipations about the new ruling party. Political upheaval and instability can have a negative impact on a nation's economy. For example, destabilization of coalition governments in India, Pakistan and Thailand can negatively affect the value of their currencies. Similarly, in a country experiencing financial difficulties, the rise of a political faction that is perceived to be fiscally responsible can have the opposite effect. Also, events in one country in a region may spur positive or negative interest in a neighboring country and, in the process, affect its currency.

Data Cards

Almost all major cellphones operators and telecome companies offerr Internet access through a small hardware device known as data card.these are either USB dongles or PCMCIA/ExpressCard Devices which fit into your's laptops expansion slot.these devices are actually miniature mobile phones 2G/3G Sim cards or equivalent connection mechanisms,and connect to the service provider just like GPRS/EDGE-enabled cellphone.The providers offer special plans for data transfer rather than voice/SMS and other types of usage.Reliance,Airtel,Tata,Idea and many others offer coverage across the conty.Speed are usually in the range of 115 Kbps-3.1 Mbps.

Fourth Phenom X3 Core Unlocale in rar cases

Reports around the internet have suggsted that it is possible to unlock the dormat fourth core on certain batches of triple-core Phonem II X3 720 CPU's when used with certain motherboards that supports AMD's Advanced Clock Calibration overclocking technique.The workaround makes them equivalent to Phenem II X 920s,which sell for considerably more money.The reports started out as romors on tech websites,and the process was quickly replicated by users around the world.Phenom X3 are often complete X4s with one core disabled because of instability,so even the spare core can be unlocked,there's no gurantee the CPU will rn smoothly.

Apartment

An apartment is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building. Apartments may be owned (by an owner/occupier) or rented (by tenants).

A common alternative term for apartment is flat. The term apartment is favored in North America, whereas the term flat is commonly, but not exclusively, used in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Commonwealth nations. In Malaysian English, flat often denotes a housing block of lesser quality meant for lower-income groups, while apartment is more generic and may also include luxury condominiums.

In the US, some apartment-dwellers own their own apartments, either as co-ops, in which the residents own shares of a corporation that owns the building or development; or in condominiums, whose residents own their apartments and share ownership of the public spaces. Most apartments are in buildings designed for the purpose, but large older houses are sometimes divided into apartments. The word apartment connotes a residential unit or section in a building. In some locations, particularly the United States, the word denotes a rental unit owned by the building owner, and is not typically used for a condominium.

In the UK, some flat owners own a share in the company that owns the freehold of the building. This is commonly known as a "share of freehold" flat. The freehold company has the right to collect annual ground rents from each of the flat owners in the building. The freeholder can also develop or sell the building, subject to the usual planning and restrictions that might apply.


Apartment Complex in Daegu, South Korea.In some countries the word unit is a more general term referring to both apartments and rental business suites. The word is generally used only in the context of a specific building. E.g., "This building has three units" or "I'm going to rent a unit in this building", but not "I'm going to rent a unit somewhere." In Australia a unit refers to flats, apartments or even semi detached houses.

When there is no tenant occupying an apartment, the apartment owner or landlord is said to have a vacancy. For apartment landlords, each vacancy represents a loss of income from rent-paying tenants for the time the apartment is vacant (i.e., unoccupied). Landlords' objectives are often to minimize the vacancy rate for their units. The owner of the apartment, typically when transferring possession to the occupant, gives him/her the key to the apartment entrance and any other keys needed, such as a common key to the building or any other common areas and a mailbox key. When the occupant(s) move out, these keys are typically returned to the owner.
Apartment types and characteristics

A living room in Avalon Riverview North, a New York city luxury apartment building.
Upmarket apartments in Bristol, United Kingdom
Garden apartments in Seattle, Washington.
Northern European apartment building.Apartments can be classified into several types. In the US the typical terms are a Studio, efficiency, bedsit, or bachelor style apartment. These all tend to be the smallest apartments with the cheapest rents in a given area. These kinds of apartment usually consist mainly of a large room which is the living, dining, and bedroom combined. There are usually kitchen facilities as part of this central room, but the bathroom is its own smaller separate room.

Moving up from the efficiencies are one-bedroom apartments, in which one bedroom is separate from the rest of the apartment. Then there are two-bedroom, three-bedroom, etc. apartments. Small apartments often have only one entrance.

Large apartments often have two entrances, perhaps a door in the front and another in the back. Depending on the building design, the entrance doors may be directly to the outside or to a common area inside, such as a hallway. Depending on location, apartments may be available for rent furnished with furniture or unfurnished into which a tenant usually moves in with their own furniture. A garden apartment has some characteristics of a townhouse: each apartment has its own entrance, and apartments are not placed vertically over one another. However, a garden apartment is usually only one story high and never more than two stories; they are often one-bedrooms and almost never more than two-bedrooms. Some garden apartment buildings place a one-car garage under each apartment, with pedestrian entrances from a common courtyard open at one end. The grounds are more landscaped than for other modestly scaled apartments. (Alternately, "garden apartment" can refer to a unit built half below grade, putting its windows at garden level.[citation needed]

Laundry facilities may be found in a common area accessible to all the tenants in the building, or each apartment may have its own facilities. Depending on when the building was built and the design of the building, utilities such as water, heating, and electricity may be common for all the apartments in the building or separate for each apartment and billed separately to each tenant (however, many areas in the US have ruled it illegal to split a water bill among all the tenants, especially if a pool is on the premises). Outlets for connection to telephones are typically included in apartments. Telephone service is optional and is practically always billed separately from the rent payments. Cable television and similar amenities are extra also. Parking space(s), air conditioner, and extra storage space may or may not be included with an apartment. Rental leases often limit the maximum number of people who can reside in each apartment. On or around the ground floor of the apartment building, a series of mailboxes are typically kept in a location accessible to the public and, thus, to the mailman too. Every unit typically gets its own mailbox with individual keys to it. Some very large apartment buildings with a full-time staff may take mail from the mailman and provide mail-sorting service. Near the mailboxes or some other location accessible by outsiders, there may be a buzzer (equivalent to a doorbell) for each individual unit. In smaller apartment buildings such as two- or three-flats, or even four-flats, garbage is often disposed of in trash containers similar to those used at houses. In larger buildings, garbage is often collected in a common trash bin or Dumpster. For cleanliness or minimizing noise, many lessors will place restrictions on tenants regarding keeping pets in an apartment.


Art Deco block
An apartment in the Philippines.In some parts of the world, the word apartment refers to a new purpose-built self-contained residential unit in a building, whereas the word flat means a converted self-contained unit in an older building. An industrial, warehouse, or commercial space converted to an apartment is commonly called a loft.


Apartment is constructed in Daegu, Korea.When part of a house is converted for the ostensible use of a landlord's family member, the unit may be known as an in-law apartment or granny flat, though these (sometimes illegally) created units are often occupied by ordinary renters rather than family members. In Canada these suites are commonly located in the basements of houses and are therefore normally called basement suites or "mother-in-law suites."

In Milwaukee vernacular architecture, a Polish flat is an existing small house or cottage that has been lifted up to accommodate the creation of a new basement floor housing a separate apartment, then set down again; thus becoming a modest two-story flat.

In Russia, a communal apartment («коммуналка») is a room with a shared kitchen and bath. A typical arrangement is a cluster of five or so apartments with their common kitchen and bathroom and their own front door, occupying a floor in a pre-Revolutionary mansions. Traditionally a room is owned by the government and assigned to a family on a semi-permanent basis. It is possible to "privatize" a room by paying a large sum of money to the government; then it can legally be sold.

Lenovo IdeaPad S10e Netbook

Features

IdeaPad S10e Netbook with Windows XP Home; 1.6GHz Intel Atom N270 processor; 10.1" WXVGA (1024x576) LCD Display; 512MB RAM; 80GB Hard Drive; Intel GMA950 Graphics; Integrated 1.3 Megapixel Camera; Integrated Wireless b/g, Ethernet; 4-in-1 Media Card reader; (2) USB ports; 3-cell Battery; Touchpad; 2.8 pounds & 1" thick Dark grey finish. Take advantage of the internet without breaking the bank with the IdeaPad S10e. With integrated Wi-Fi, camera and microphone, you can access the internet and keep in touch with the world from any wireless hotspot.

Tech Specs
  Processor(s)
  Processor Mfr                                Intel
  Processor Speed                            1.6GHz
  Processor                                        Atom™ N270
  Cache
  Cache standard, primary              0KB
  Cache standard, secondary           512KB
  Magnetic/Optical Drives
  Hard Drive                                       80 GB
  Hard Drive interface type             SATA (Serial ATA)
  RAM
  RAM standard                                 512MB PC2-5300 DDR2 SDRAM
  RAM maximum                              1.5MB
  Display
                                                             10.1 WSXGA+
  Display, maximum resolution         1024 x 600
  Miscellaneous
  Network interface card included    Yes
  NIC type                                            Fast Ethernet
  Wireless NIC included                      Yes
  Bluetooth capable                              No
  Battery Type                                      Lithium Ion
  Expansion Card Slots                         1
  Expansion Card Type                        ExpressCard/34
  Form factor                                        notebook
  OS                                                        Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition
  Color                                                     Black
  RAM Details
  RAM details                                       512MB soldered on motherboard, and one open DIMM slot                                                                  to support 512MB or 1GB of additional memory
  HD Details
  Hard Drive details                           80GB 5400rpm HDD
  NIC details
  Network interface details               Integrated 10/100 Ethernet
  Manufacturer Information
  Parts Warranty 1 year
  Labor Warranty 1 year
  Warranty Details Limited Warranty

Compaq Presario C716TU Notebook PC

The new Compaq Presario C716TU notebook PC is powered by 1.46 GHz Intel Pentium Dual Core Processor and it features 15.4 inch WXGA TFT display, Wireless 802.11 Wi-Fi LAN connection, integrated Bluetooth connection, and 8X double layer (8.5 GB) DVD writer drive.
Powered by 1.46 GHz Intel Pentium Dual Core Processor T2310, the new Compaq Presario C716TU notebook PC features 1-MB Level 2 Cache, 533 MHz Bus speed, Intel 945GM Express Chipset mainboard, 512 MB PC2-5300 DDR2 @ 667 MHz (2 SODIMM Slots, maximum 4 GB), 160-GB Serial-ATA Hard Drive, 5400 rpm with 150 MB/sec transfer speed and 8X SuperMulti Drive Double Layer (8.5 GB) DVD Writer.
With Windows Vista Home Basic preinstalled, Compaq Presario C716TU notebook sports 15.4-inch (39.1 cm) WXGA TFT display capable of 1280 x 800 pixels resolution in 16:10 Aspect Ratio powered by Intel Graphics Media Accelerator GMA X3100 with up to 64 MB TAG Memory.
The Wi-Fi ready Compaq Presario C716TU notebook PC is equipped with integrated Intel PRO/Wireless 802.11b/g and Bluetooth v2.0 for wireless connection while it sports 10/100 Ethernet LAN, 56 kbps V.90 modem and 3 USB v2.0 for wired connections.
Compaq Presario C716TU also supports a 5-in-1 multi-format memory card reader embedded in the notebook allowing xD, Secure Digital cards, MultiMedia cards, Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro media cards and has Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers built-in.
Other features of Compaq Presario C716TU notebook PC includes; integrated Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers, 3D Sound Blaster Pro compatible sound 16 bit integrated, and 2 Headphone Jacks, 2 Omni-directional microphones and expansion port for HP xb3000 Notebook Expansion Base.
Compaq Presario C716TU comes with Microsoft Vista Home Basic operating system preinstalled and HP is providing many software along with full set of drivers boundled with the notebook PC which includes: Microsoft Works 8.5, Adobe Acrobat Reader 8, Roxio Creator 9 Basic, QuickPlay for Windows ver 3.2, and HP PhotoSmart Premier. For security and system maintenance, it offers Norton Anti-Virus with 60 days Live updates, Norton Internet Security 2007, SoftThinks Recovery Disc Creator.
Weighing about 2.45 kgs without battery pack, the Compaq Presario C716TU notebook PC comes with 6-cell Li-Ion standard battery offering upto 2.5 hrs backup.

Compaq Presario C716TU Notebook PC Features

• Intel Pentium Dual Core Processor T2310, 1.46 GHz
• 1-MB Level 2 Cache, 533 MHz Bus speed
• Intel 945GM Express Chipset
• 512-MB PC2-5300 DDR2 533 MHz, 2 SODIMM Slots (maximum 4 GB)
• 160-GB Serial-ATA Hard Drive, 5400 rpm, 150 MB/sec transfer speed
• 8X SuperMulti Drive Double Layer (8.5 GB) DVD Writer
• 15.4-inch (39.1 cm) WXGA TFT display, 1280 x 800 pixels resolution in 16:10 Aspect Ratio, BrightView Screen Technology
• Intel Graphics Media Accelerator GMA X3100 with upto 64 MB TAG Memory
• Integrated Wireless LAN 802.11 a/b/g
• Realtek 10/100 integrated Ethernet LAN interface
• 56 kbps v.52 modem/fax card
• Integrated Bluetooth v2.0 connection
• Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers, 3D Sound Blaster Pro compatible sound 16 bit integrated
• 2 Omni-directional microphones
• 5-in-1 integrated Digital Media Reader supporting xD, Secure Digital cards, MultiMedia cards, Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro media cards
• IEEE 1394 Interface - video capture interface
• Windows Vista Home Basic
• 6-cell LiIon Battery, 2.5 hrs backup
• Dimensions: 23.7 cm (W) x 33.4 cm (L) x 2.6 cm - 3.9 cm (H)
• Weight: 2.45 Kgs (without power pack)

Compaq CQ45-127TX

Compaq has always been the value segment brand of HP’s product line. The new stylish Compaq Presario CQ45 series shares many similarity (in a good way) with the higher-end HP Pavillion dv4 series but with a smaller price tag. The Compaq CQ45-127TX is based upon Intel’s latest Montevina Centrino 2 platform.

Specifications
  Intel Core 2 Duo P8400 processor (2.26GHz/1066MHz FSB/3MB L2 Cache)
• 1GB DDR2-667 RAM
• 160GB (5400rpm) HDD
• Intel Wireless Link 5100 (802.11 a/b/g/n) + Bluetooth
• 14.1″ WXGA Brightview widescreen display
• nVidia GeForce 9200M GS 256MB DDR2
• 8x Multi-DVDRW with Lightscribe
• Fingerprint reader
• 6-cell Li-ion battery
• Freedos (Compaq CQ45-128TX comes preloaded with Windows Vista)
Specifications (test unit)
The basic out-of-the-box specifications is rather under powered to run Windows Vista smoothly despite having one of the latest Intel processor and platform (1GB of RAM will sufficate Vista). Thus, I added more juice (RAM) to it to be able to run Windows Vista smoothly.

AMD Launch Next Generation Opteron Processor

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) has today introduced a next generation AMD Opteron processor featuring the industry-leading performance-per-watt and outstanding virtualization capabilities.
To be available in India in the first week of September 2006, the new version of Opteron processors which is now known as Rev F, is one of the only x86 server processors that will upgrade to native quad-core within the same thermal design power envelope enabling customers to increase computing capacity in typical server farm environment without having to alter datacenter infrastructure.
In addition, the new dual-core Opteron processor chip, would comes with improved virtualization capabilities and upgraded integrated memory.
Randy Allen, corporate vice president, Server and Workstation Division, AMD at the launch said: “Customers trust AMD for critical server applications, as evidenced by our record Q2 2006 AMD Opteron processor sales, and in 2006, AMD expects to double the number of AMD Opteron processor-based systems offered from global and regional tier-one OEMs.”
 he company has also hinted the completion of the design of its new Quad-Core AMD Opteron 64 processors that incorporate four processor cores on a single die of silicon that AMD plans to deliver in mid-2007.
Quad-Core AMD Opteron processors are expected to be electrical, thermal and socket compatible with the already introduced Next-Generation AMD Opteron Rev F processors enabling customers to benefit from an architecture that scales to meet changing needs and escalating demands.
AMD also explained that the consistency and stability offered by Next-Generation AMD Opteron processors will enhance potential benefits to OEMs, system-builders and semiconductor companies.

Acer® AS4730-4947 14.1" Widescreen Notebook Computer With Intel® Pentium® Dual-Core Processor T3400

Price:-$449.99

Discription

• Compact 14.1" diagonal CrystalBrite™ LCD screen. Has the same resolution as larger 15.4" screens, but offers easier portability. Notebook weighs just 5.29 lb.

• Large 3GB memory lets you run demanding programs. 250GB hard drive space stores thousands of songs, photos and documents.
• Wireless-N for high-performance, cable-free networking. Lets you access wireless networks to share files, surf the Web and exchange email. Can provide improved range and speed within a Wireless-N network, and is also compatible with 802.11b/g networks. Wired networking is supported, too.
  Plays and burns CDs and DVDs.
• Memory card reader for fast, easy photo transfers. Transfer your digital photos, music and other files from 5 types of memory cards.
• Built-in webcam with microphone. Microsoft® Windows Vista® Home Premium with Service Pack 1.
 tem # 996740 Manufacturer # LX.AT90X.048 processor brand Intel processor model Pentium Dual-Core diagonal screen size 14.1 inches memory 3 GB hard drive capacity 250 GB screen resolution 1280 x 800 weight 5.29 lb optical drive DVD±RW/DVD-RAM/DVD±R Double Layer operating system Windows Vista Home Premium with Service Pack 1 processor speed 2.16 GHz frontside bus speed 667 MHz memory speed PC2-5300 memory type DDR2 SDRAM maximum memory capacity 4 GB wireless connectivity 802.11b/g/Draft-N network connectivity 10/100 Ethernet modem 56K V.92 ports 2 USB 2.0; 1 Ethernet; 1 VGA video memory card reader yes video graphics Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 4500MHD with up to 1759MB shared memory integrated speakers yes audio hardware High-Definition Audio Energy Star qualified yes warranty length 1-year limited model name AS4730-4947 brand name Acer manufacturer Acer

Insurance

Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium, and can be thought of as a guaranteed small loss to prevent a large, possibly devastating loss. An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured is the person or entity buying the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage, called the premium. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.

Principles of insurance

• A large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable.
• Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to the insured, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured person on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.
• Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.
• Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.
• Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113)
• Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.
• Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the individual characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an individual policy could produce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurer's appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire industry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.

Laptops with AMD processors (Athlon X2, Turion X2, Turion X2 Ultra)

Laptops with AMD processors are not very popular nowadays, but some brands still have strong lineups of AMD-powered laptops: HP, Asus, Toshiba and MSI, among others. In case you are looking for a laptop with an AMD processor, you can find useful information here. Or you can go straight to the featured laptops
What are the current AMD processors for laptops?
Most AMD processors for laptops are dual-core CPUs (Athlon X2, Turion X2 and Turion X2 Ultra; AMD dropped the “64” used in older models), but you can also find a few single-core CPUs (Sempron and Athlon Neo).
 empron: single-core processors found in low-cost laptops. Current laptops usually use the SL-40 model, running at 2.0 GHz.
 thlon X2: dual-core processors running from 1.9 GHz (QL-60 model) to 2.1 GHz (QL-64 model). Both models have a TDP of 35 W, while the QL-62 (2.0 GHz) has a TDP of 25 W.
 urion X2: very similar to the Athlon X2 CPUs, they run at frequencies from 2.0 GHz (RM-70 model) to 2.2 GHz (RM-74 model). TDP is 31 W for the RM-70 model, at 2.1 GHz, and 35 W for the RM-72 and RM-74 models.
 urion X2 Ultra: they sport a larger L2 cache than the Athlon X2 and Turion X2 processors (2 MB instead of 1 MB), and they run at frequencies from 2.1 GHZ (ZM-80 model) up to 2.4 GHz (ZM-86 model). TDPs are 32 W for the ZM-80 model and 35 W for the faster models.
 thlon Neo: this new processor is a single-core, low-power processor aimed at small laptops (around 12″ or similar). The current model (MV-40) runs at 1.6 GHz and has a TDP of 15 W. Both performance and power usage are in between of Intel Atom and Core 2 Duo processors.
For more detailed information see the AMD site and Wikipedia.
How do AMD laptop processors compare to Intel alternatives?
Intel Core 2 Duo processors are built on a 45 nm process, while AMD processors are built on an older 65 nm process. In addition, Intel Core 2 Duo processors have optimizations for HD video encoding. These factors give an edge to Intel processors. I found some benchmarks comparing AMD Puma vs Intel Centrino 2 platforms months ago. There are also some interesting benchmarks at Notebookcheck: I’m summarizing the most relevant ones in the following chart:

 
Laptop CPU benchmarks

Please note that many tasks are limited by the hard drive performance and other factors, so the differences in performance will be smaller when performing such tasks. All in all, real-life differences are:
  AMD laptop processors cannot achieve frequencies as high as Intel Core 2 Duo laptop processors. So the top performing laptop processors are from Intel.
  AMD laptop processors are slightly slower than Intel’s when running at the same frequency.
  AMD laptop processors are noticeably slower than Intel Core 2 Duo processors when encoding HD video.
  Laptops with AMD processors have a shorter battery life than comparable laptops with Intel Core 2 Duo processors (the difference was of 22% in the Laptop Magazine test).
It is quite clear that, if you are going to do a lot of HD video encoding or you need a long battery life, an Intel Core 2 Duo processor is the best alternative for your next laptop. But if you are an average user and you do not perform processor-intensive tasks often, a laptop with an AMD processor is going to serve you well, and make perfectly sense as long as you can find them cheaper than similar Intel alternatives.

Compaq - Presario Laptop with AMD Athlon™ X2 QL-62 Dual-Core Processor Model: CQ60-215DX | SKU: 9168063

Product Features
  AMD Athlon™ X2 QL-62* dual-core processor
 eatures 64-bit platform, HyperTransport™ and AMD PowerNow!™ technologies and Enhanced Virus Protection.**
  AMD dual-core technology
 nables you to work or play with multiple programs without impacting performance; AMD64 technology provides simultaneous support for 32-bit and 64-bit computing; 1MB + 1MB L2 cache memory for efficient processing.
  2GB DDR2 memory
 or multitasking power, expandable to 4GB.
  Multiformat DVD±RW/CD-RW drive with double-layer support
 ecords up to 8.5GB of data or 4 hours of video using compatible media.
  15.6" WXGA widescreen display with BrightView technology
 upports high-definition video playback with 1366 x 768 resolution for movies and games with stunning clarity.
  250GB SATA hard drive (5400 rpm)
 ffers spacious storage options and fast read/write times.
  NVIDIA GeForce 8200M graphics
 eatures up to 895MB shared video memory for lush images and vivid detail. Altec Lansing audio for improved sound quality.
  See the benefits of an NVIDIA graphics processor in your laptop.
  Integrated microphone
 llows you to chat with family and friends.
  5-in-1 media reader
 upports Secure Digital, MultiMedia, Memory Stick, Memory Stick PRO and xD-Picture Cards.
  3 high-speed USB 2.0 ports
 or fast digital video, audio and data transfer.
  Built-in high-speed wireless LAN (802.11b/g)
 irelessly connects to the Internet.
  Built-in 10/100Base-T Ethernet LAN
 ith RJ-45 connector and high-speed 56 Kbps modem for flexible wired Web connectivity options.
  Weighs 6.5 lbs. and measures just 1.7" thin
 or portable power.
  Good battery life
 f up to 2 hours and 30 minutes.
  Glossy black HP Imprint finish
 ith a silver palm rest panel for contrast.
  Microsoft Windows Vista Home Premium Edition operating system
 ith Service Pack 1 (SP1) preinstalled provides a stable computing platform.
  Software package included
 ith muvee Reveal, Cyberlink DVD Suite, Adobe Acrobat Reader and more. 60-day trial version of Microsoft Office Student and Teacher Edition 2007 included.
  AMD, AMD Arrow logo, AMD Athlon, AMD PowerNow!, HyperTransport and combinations thereof are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

 This model number indicates relative software performance among this AMD processor family.
  **AMD's Enhanced Virus Protection provides additional protection against buffer overflow viruses. AMD and its partners strongly recommend you continue to use third-party anti-virus software as part of your total security solution.
________________________________________

  Warranty Terms - Parts
1 year limited
  Warranty Terms - Labor
1 year limited
  Product Height
1.7"
  Product Width
14.9"
  Product Weight
6.5 lbs.
  Product Depth
9.9"
  Processor Brand
AMD
  Processor
AMD Athlon™ X2
  Processor Speed
2.0GHz
  Display Type
WXGA BrightView widescreen (1366 x 768)
  Screen Size
15.6"
  Cache Memory
1MB
  System Memory (RAM)
2GB
  System Memory (RAM) Expandable To
4GB
  Type of Memory (RAM)
DDR2
  Hard Drive Type
SATA (5400 rpm)
  Hard Drive Size
250GB
  Optical Drive
Double-layer DVD±RW/CD-RW
  Optical Drive Speeds
Drive speeds not specified
  Direct-Disc Labeling
No
  Digital Media Reader or Slots
Yes, digital media card reader
  Graphics
NVIDIA GeForce Go 8200M
  Video Memory
Up to 895MB
  Personal Video Recorder (PVR)
No
  TV Tuner
No
  MPEG
No
  Built-in Webcam
No
  Modem
56 Kbps*
*Capable of receiving 56 Kbps downloads. However, current regulations limit download speed to 53 Kbps.
  Networking
Built-in 10/100Base-T Ethernet LAN (RJ-45 connector)
  Wireless Networking
Wireless-B+G
  Bluetooth-Enabled
No
  S-Video Outputs
None
  Audio
Built-in
  Speakers
Altec Lansing
  PCMCIA Slots
None
  USB 2.0 Ports
3
  IEEE 1394 FireWire Ports
None
  Parallel Ports
None
  Serial Ports
None
  Game Ports
None
  Laptop Weight
Standard (more than 5.5 lbs.)
  Battery Type
Lithium-ion
  Battery Life
Up to 2 hours and 30 minutes
  Pointing Device
Touchpad with dedicated vertical scroll up/down pad
  Operating System
Windows Vista Home Premium with SP1
  Included Software
HP DVD Play; muvee Reveal; Cyberlink DVD Suite; Adobe Acrobat Reader and more
  ENERGY STAR Qualified
No
Included Items
  Compaq Presario Laptop with AMD Athlon™ X2 QL-62 Dual-Core Processor
  Software: HP DVD Play, muvee Reveal, Cyberlink DVD Suite, Adobe Acrobat Reader, Microsoft Works and more
  Owner's manual

Compaq - Presario Laptop with AMD Athlon™ X2 QL-62 Dual-Core Processor Model: CQ60-215DX | SKU: 9168063

Product Features
  AMD Athlon™ X2 QL-62* dual-core processor
 eatures 64-bit platform, HyperTransport™ and AMD PowerNow!™ technologies and Enhanced Virus Protection.**
  AMD dual-core technology
 nables you to work or play with multiple programs without impacting performance; AMD64 technology provides simultaneous support for 32-bit and 64-bit computing; 1MB + 1MB L2 cache memory for efficient processing.
  2GB DDR2 memory
 or multitasking power, expandable to 4GB.
  Multiformat DVD±RW/CD-RW drive with double-layer support
 ecords up to 8.5GB of data or 4 hours of video using compatible media.
  15.6" WXGA widescreen display with BrightView technology
 upports high-definition video playback with 1366 x 768 resolution for movies and games with stunning clarity.
  250GB SATA hard drive (5400 rpm)
 ffers spacious storage options and fast read/write times.
  NVIDIA GeForce 8200M graphics
 eatures up to 895MB shared video memory for lush images and vivid detail. Altec Lansing audio for improved sound quality.
  See the benefits of an NVIDIA graphics processor in your laptop.
  Integrated microphone
 llows you to chat with family and friends.
  5-in-1 media reader
 upports Secure Digital, MultiMedia, Memory Stick, Memory Stick PRO and xD-Picture Cards.
  3 high-speed USB 2.0 ports
 or fast digital video, audio and data transfer.
  Built-in high-speed wireless LAN (802.11b/g)
 irelessly connects to the Internet.
  Built-in 10/100Base-T Ethernet LAN
 ith RJ-45 connector and high-speed 56 Kbps modem for flexible wired Web connectivity options.
  Weighs 6.5 lbs. and measures just 1.7" thin
 or portable power.
  Good battery life
 f up to 2 hours and 30 minutes.
  Glossy black HP Imprint finish
 ith a silver palm rest panel for contrast.
  Microsoft Windows Vista Home Premium Edition operating system
 ith Service Pack 1 (SP1) preinstalled provides a stable computing platform.
  Software package included
 ith muvee Reveal, Cyberlink DVD Suite, Adobe Acrobat Reader and more. 60-day trial version of Microsoft Office Student and Teacher Edition 2007 included.
  AMD, AMD Arrow logo, AMD Athlon, AMD PowerNow!, HyperTransport and combinations thereof are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

Warranty Terms - Parts

1 year limited
  Warranty Terms - Labor
1 year limited
  Product Height
1.7"
  Product Width
14.9"
  Product Weight
6.5 lbs.
  Product Depth
9.9"
  Processor Brand
AMD
  Processor
AMD Athlon™ X2
  Processor Speed
2.0GHz
  Display Type
WXGA BrightView widescreen (1366 x 768)
  Screen Size
15.6"
  Cache Memory
1MB
  System Memory (RAM)
2GB
  System Memory (RAM) Expandable To
4GB
  Type of Memory (RAM)
DDR2
  Hard Drive Type
SATA (5400 rpm)
  Hard Drive Size
250GB
  Optical Drive
Double-layer DVD±RW/CD-RW
  Optical Drive Speeds
Drive speeds not specified
  Direct-Disc Labeling
No
  Digital Media Reader or Slots
Yes, digital media card reader
  Graphics
NVIDIA GeForce Go 8200M
  Video Memory
Up to 895MB
  Personal Video Recorder (PVR)
No
  TV Tuner
No
  MPEG
No
  Built-in Webcam
No
  Modem
56 Kbps*
*Capable of receiving 56 Kbps downloads. However, current regulations limit download speed to 53 Kbps.
  Networking
Built-in 10/100Base-T Ethernet LAN (RJ-45 connector)
  Wireless Networking
Wireless-B+G
  Bluetooth-Enabled
No
  S-Video Outputs
None
  Audio
Built-in
  Speakers
Altec Lansing
  PCMCIA Slots
None
  USB 2.0 Ports
3
  IEEE 1394 FireWire Ports
None
  Parallel Ports
None
  Serial Ports
None
  Game Ports
None
  Laptop Weight
Standard (more than 5.5 lbs.)
  Battery Type
Lithium-ion
  Battery Life
Up to 2 hours and 30 minutes
  Pointing Device
Touchpad with dedicated vertical scroll up/down pad
  Operating System
Windows Vista Home Premium with SP1
  Included Software
HP DVD Play; muvee Reveal; Cyberlink DVD Suite; Adobe Acrobat Reader and more
  ENERGY STAR Qualified
No
Included Items
  Compaq Presario Laptop with AMD Athlon™ X2 QL-62 Dual-Core Processor
  Software: HP DVD Play, muvee Reveal, Cyberlink DVD Suite, Adobe Acrobat Reader, Microsoft Works and more
  Owner's manual